Ethyl pyruvate

Ethyl pyruvate is a simple derivative of the endogenous metabolite pyruvate. Ethyl pyruvate is an HMGB1 release inhibitor. Ethyl pyruvate can induce apoptosis by autophagy. Ethyl pyruvate has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-tumor activity. Ethyl pyruvate can be used in the study of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease^{[1][2][3][4][5]}. In Vitro:Ethyl pyruvate (10 mM, 1 h) has no toxic effect on N9 microglial cells in the range of 1-10 mM. The activation of microglia NLRP3 inflammasome is decreased by inhibiting the HMGB1/ NF-κB /miR-223 signaling pathway^[2].
Ethyl pyruvate (10-40 mM, 6, 24 h) induces apoptosis in MC38 cells^[3].
Ethyl pyruvate (5-15 mM, 2 h) has an IC₅₀ value of 28.83 mM on mouse peritoneal macrophages. Endotoxemia and sepsis are prevented by inhibiting caspase-11-dependent pyroptosis ^[4].
In Vivo:Ethyl pyruvate (80 mg/kg intraperitoneal injection for 9 consecutive days) inhibits tumor growth in a mouse liver tumor model^[3].
Ethyl pyruvate (2 or 40 mg/kg, intraperitoneal injection) has reduced lipid peroxidation and anti-inflammatory effects in a rat model of paraquat intoxication^[5].